Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) — an additive manufacturing process based on selective extrusion of molten thermoplastic polymers, layer by layer, onto a heated build plate. The industrial standard for functional prototypes and end-use mechanical components.
The technology relies on the controlled extrusion of a thermoplastic filament through a heated nozzle assembly (hotend) at temperatures between 190–300 °C, depending on the polymer. The polymer is deposited with three-axis precision (X, Y, Z), forming successive cross-sections of the 3D model.
Inter-layer cohesion is governed by the glass-transition temperature (Tg), cooling rate and extrusion pressure. Optimising these parameters minimises anisotropy — the key challenge in FDM, where Z-axis strength is typically 60–80% of XY-plane strength.
Composite thermoplastic based on Nylon 6, reinforced with chopped carbon fibres (15–20% by mass). Outstanding tensile strength (~90 MPa), modulus > 6 GPa and short-term thermal resistance up to 180 °C (HDT @ 0.45 MPa). A drop-in replacement for light metallic components.
Thermoplastic with high resistance to UV radiation and weather. Retains its mechanical properties and colour during long-term outdoor exposure. Tg ≈ 105 °C. Recommended for outdoor enclosures, automotive parts and architectural elements.
Elastomer with configurable Shore hardness: 95A (soft, flexible) and 98A (semi-rigid). High abrasion resistance, elongation up to 300% and chemical resistance to oils and solvents. Used in gaskets, dampers and protective covers.
Polyethylene terephthalate glycol — a balance of strength, chemical resistance and printability. The ESD variant provides surface resistivity 10⁶–10⁹ Ω, suitable for electronics manufacturing and ESD-sensitive components.
High-temperature engineering polymer with HDT > 130 °C, exceptional impact strength (Izod > 600 J/m) and optical clarity. Used in protective covers, thermally loaded enclosures and lighting lenses.